Digital Holography + Binary Sensor:

• Nitesh Pandey and Bryan Hennelly, “Quantization noise and its reduction in lensless Fourier digital holography,” Appl. Opt.50, B58-B70 (2011).
• Ryoichi Horisaki and Tatsuki Tahara, “Phase-shift binary digital holography,” Opt. Lett. 39, 6375-6378 (2014).

General Imaging + Binary Sensor:

• Aurélien Bourquard, François Aguet, and Michael Unser, “Optical imaging using binary sensors,” Opt. Express 18, 4876-4888 (2010).
• F. Yang, Y. M. Lu, L. Sbaiz, and M. Vetterli, “Bits From Photons: Oversampled Image Acquisition Using Binary Poisson Statistics,” Image Process. IEEE Trans. 21, 1421 (2012).

Digital Holography + Single Pixel Detector + Compressive Sensing:

• Pere Clemente, Vicente Durán, Enrique Tajahuerce, Pedro Andrés, Vicent Climent, and Jesús Lancis, “Compressive holography with a single-pixel detector,” Opt. Lett. 38, 2524-2527 (2013).

Possible Further Extension:

• DH + Binary Sensor + Compressive Sensing

Reference:

Richards-Kortum, Rebecca, and Maria Oden. “Devices for low-resource health care.” Science 342.6162 (2013): 1055-1057.

Summary:

“In this Perspective, we review the challenges of developing and translating medical technologies and highlight promising new technologies to improve health in low-resource settings.”

1. Low-resource settings present challenging design constraints, including inadequate electricity and clean water, limited funding, weak supply chains, lack of trained users, and lack of technology management policies.

2. Evaluating technology performance presents further challenges in low-resource clinics.

3. Successful product design requires multidisciplinary partnerships.

4. Here, they highlight successful efforts and remaining barriers for several technologies.

   • Laerdal developed NeoNatalie, an electricityfree, low-cost neonatal simulator that mimics chest rise with mechanical ventilation.
   • BD FACSCount is a low-cost flow cytometer, but it requires skilled operators and frequent calibration.
   • The Alere PIMA device uses a fixed-volume, static cytometer and can run on battery or solar power.
   • GeneXpert is used for MTB test.

Review Paper:

• S. A. Boppart, R. Richards-Kortum, Point-of-care and point-of-procedure optical imaging technologies for primary care and global health. Sci. Transl. Med. 6, 253rv2 (2014).

“This paper reviewed the latest development of optical methods for point-of-care and discussed its opportunities and challenges.”

Related products/research

1. LED-based Fluorescence microscope adaptor to bright-field microscope. Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics. It has done field test in Uganda. Normal version costs around 700-1750 USD, and low-cost, battery-powered version costs around 240usd.

   • H. Albert, Y. Manabe, G. Lukyamuzi, P. Ademun, S. Mukkada, B. Nyesiga, M. Joloba, C. N. Paramasivan, M. D. Perkins, Performance of three LED-based fluorescence microscopy systems for detection of tuberculosis in Uganda. PLOS One 5, e15206 (2010).

   • A. R. Miller, G. L. Davis, Z. M. Oden, M. R. Razavi, A. Fateh, M. Ghazanfari, F. Abdolrahimi, S. Poorazar, F. Sakhaie, R. J. Olsen, A. R. Bahrmand, M. C. Pierce, E. A. Graviss, R. Richards-Kortum, Portable, battery-operated, low-cost, bright field and fluorescence microscope. PLOS One 5, e11890 (2010).

2. Modular, portable fluorescence microscope for white blood cell count.

   • Majors, Catherine E., et al. “Low-cost disposable cartridge for performing a white blood cell count and partial differential at the point-of-care.” Healthcare Innovation Conference (HIC), 2014 IEEE. IEEE, 2014.

3. Mobile phone-based clinical microscopy.

   • D. N. Breslauer, R. N. Maamari, N. A. Switz, W. A. Lam, D. A. Fletcher, Mobile phone based clinical microscopy for global health applications. PLOS One 4, e6320 (2009).

   • A. Skandarajah, C. D. Reber, N. A. Switz, D. A. Fletcher, Quantitative imaging with a mobile phone microscope. PLOS One 9, e96906 (2014).

4. An ultra-low-cost, origami-based bright-field, dark-field and fluorescence microscope, “Foldscope”

   • J. S. Cybulski, J. Clements, M. Prakash, Foldscope: Origami-based paper microscope. PLOS One 9, e98781 (2014).

5. A lens-free cell phone holographic microscope.

   • A. Greenbaum, W. Luo, T. W. Su, Z. Göröcs, L. Xue, S. O. Isikman, A. F. Coskun, O. Mudanyali, A. Ozcan, Imaging without lenses: Achievements and remaining challenges of wide-field on-chip microscopy. Nat. Methods 9, 889–895 (2012).

   • A. F. Coskun, A. Ozcan, Computational imaging, sensing and diagnostics for global health applications. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 25, 8–16 (2014).

6. Flow-based systems: cell phone imaging-based flow cytometry

   • H. Zhu, S. Mavandadi, A. F. Coskun, O. Yaglidere, A. Ozcan, Optofluidic fluorescent imaging cytometry on a cell phone. Anal. Chem. 83, 6641–6647 (2011).

   • W. G. Lee, Y. G. Kim, B. G. Chung, U. Demirci, A. Khademhosseini, Nano/microfluidics for diagnosis of infectious diseases in developing countries. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 62, 449–457 (2010).

   • N. N. Watkins, U. Hassan, G. Damhorst, H. Ni, A. Vaid, W. Rodriguez, R. Bashir, Microfluidic CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte counters for point-of-care HIV diagnostics using whole blood. Sci. Transl. Med. 5, 214ra170 (2013).

   • G. Zheng, S. A. Lee, S. Yang, C. Yang, Sub-pixel resolving optofluidic microscope for onchip cell imaging. Lab Chip 10, 3125–3129 (2010).

   • S. A. Lee, R. Leitao, G. Zheng, S. Yang, A. Rodriguez, C. Yang, Color capable sub-pixel resolving optofluidic microscope and its application to blood cell imaging for malaria diagnosis. PLOS One 6, e26127 (2011).

   • S. A. Lee, J. Erath, G. Zheng, X. Ou, P. Willems, D. Eichinger, A. Rodriguez, C. Yang, Imaging and identification of waterborne parasites using a chip-scale microscope. PLOS One 9,e89712 (2014).

7. Handheld OCT

   • W. Jung, J. Kim, M. Jeon, E. J. Chaney, C. N. Stewart, S. A. Boppart, Handheld optical coherence tomography scanner for primary care diagnostics. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 58, 741–744 (2011).

   • R. L. Shelton, W. Jung, S. I. Sayegh, D. T. McCormick, J. Kim, S. A. Boppart, Optical coherence tomography for advanced screening in the primary care office. J. Biophotonics 7, 525–533 (2014).

   • C. T. Nguyen, W. Jung, J. Kim, E. J. Chaney, M. Novak, C. N. Stewart, S. A. Boppart, Noninvasive in vivo optical detection of biofilm in the human middle ear. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 9529–9534 (2012).